•What is noise?
 •Waveforms with
 incomplete information
 –Analysis: how?
 –What can we
 determine?
 •Example: sine waves of
 unknown phase
 –Energy Spectral
 Density
 –Probability
 distribution function: P(v)
 –Probability density
 function: p(v)
 –Averages
 •Common probability
 density functions
 –Gaussian
 –Exponential
 •Noise in the
 real-world
 •Noise Measurement
 •Energy and Power
 Spectral densities