The PIPPIN User's Guide

from MHuffman notes


PIPPIN Instruction Set

Ref: The Analytical Engine p. 211

Note:
The purpose and intent of the AND instruction is not clear and is not included in the following table. The PIPPIN simulator included on the CD and at the authors' Web site places 0 in the accumulator regardless of the input to AND.

Opcode | Operand Assembly Instruction Description
Binary Hex
00000000 bbbbbbbb 00 XX ADD X Add contents of referenced memory address to contents of accumulator.
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Add value stored at memory address 128 (10000000 binary, 80 hex, variable W) to contents of accumulator.
00000000 10000000 00 10 ADD W
00010000 bbbbbbbb 10 XX ADD #n Add immediate value to contents of accumulator.
Address Mode = Immediate
Example:   Add the number 45 (00101101 binary, 2D hex) to accumulator:
00010000 00101101 10 2D ADD #45
00000001 bbbbbbbb 01 XX SUB X Subtract contents of referenced memory address from contents of accumulator.
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Subtract value stored at memory address 129 (10000001 binary, 81 hex, variable X) from accumulator.
00000001 10000001 01 11 SUB X
00010001 bbbbbbbb 11 XX SUB #n Subtract immediate value from contents of accumulator.
Address Mode = Immediate
Example:   Subtract the number 27 (00011011 binary, 1B hex) from accumulator:
00010001 00011011 11 1B SUB #27
00000010 bbbbbbbb 02 XX MUL X Multiply contents of accumulator by 8-bit value stored at referenced memory address.
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Multiply accumulator by value stored at memory address 130 (10000010 binary, 82 hex, variable Y).
00000010 10000010 02 12 MUL Y
00010010 bbbbbbbb 12 XX MUL #n Multiply contnets of accumulator by immediate value.
Address Mode = Immediate
Example:   Multiply accumulator by the number 5 (00000101 binary, 05 hex):
00010010 00000101 12 05 MUL #5
00000011 bbbbbbbb 03 XX DIV X Divide contents of accumulator by 8-bit value stored at referenced memory address.
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Divide accumulator by value stored at memory address 131 (10000011 binary, 83 Hex, variable Z).
00000011 10000011 03 13 DIV Z
00010011 bbbbbbbb 13 XX DIV #n Divide contnets of accumulator by immediate value.
Address Mode = Immediate
Example:   Divide accumulator by the number 10 (00001010 binary, 0A hex):
00010011 00001010 13 0A DIV #10
00000100 bbbbbbbb 04 XX LOD X Load the accumulator with the 8-bit value stored at referenced memory address.
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Place value stored at memory address 132 (10000100, 84 Hex, variable T1) into accumulator.
00000011 10000011 03 13 DIV Z
00010100 bbbbbbbb 13 XX LOD #n Load the accumulator with an immediated value.
Address Mode = Immediate
Example:   Place the number 100 (01100100 binary, 64 hex) into accumulator.
00010100 01100100 14 64 LOD #100
00000101 bbbbbbbb 05 XX STO X Store the contents of the accumulator into the referenced memory address.
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Save value of accumulator in memory address 133 (10000101 binary, 85 hex, variable T2).
00000101 10000101 05 15 STO T2
00001001 00000000 09 00 NOT If the accumulator contains 0 then set the accumulator to 1; otherwise set the accumulator to 1.
Assume any non-zero value = TRUE and 0 = FALSE; NOT inverts the "truth" of the accumulator.
00001010 bbbbbbbb 0A XX CPZ X Compare X with Zero; if the contents of the referenced memory address = 0, set the accumulator to 1 (TRUE), otherwise set accumulator to 0 (FALSE). e.g. TRUE or FALSE: "Does X = 0?
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Set the accumulator to 1 (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE) depending on whether the value in memory address 129 (10000001 binary, 81 Hex, variable X) = 0.
00001010 10000001 0A 11 CPZ X
00001011 bbbbbbbb 0B XX CPL X Compare X with Zero; if the contents of the referenced memory address is LESS than 0, set the accumulator to 1 (TRUE), otherwise set accumulator to 0 (FALSE). e.g. TRUE or FALSE: "Is X < 0?
Address Mode = Direct
Example:   Set the accumulator to 1 (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE) depending on whether the value in memory address 130 (10000010 binary, 82 Hex, variable Y) < 0.
00001011 10000010 0B 10 CPL Y
00001100 bbbbbbbb 0C XX JMP n Unconditional Jump: Set PC to n and execute instruction at that address.
Example:   Execute instruction at memory address 14 (00001110 binary, 0E hex).
00001110 00001110 0C 0E JMP 14
00001101 bbbbbbbb 0D XX JMZ n Conditional Jump: Set PC to n and execute instruction at that address IF the accumulator = 0; otherwise go to next instruction.
Example:   Execute instruction at memory address 4 (00000100 binary, 04 hex) IF the accumulator is 0.
00001101 00000100 0D 04 JMZ 4
00001110 00000000 0E 00 NOP No operation; do nothing and go to next instruction.
00001111 00000000 0F 00 HLT Halt execution; Control Unit does not fetch any more instructions.

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PROGRAM 1:
Load 2 numbers and add them
Address Instruction Accum W X Y
00 LOD #3 3 0 0 0
02 STO W 3 3 0 0
04 LOD #7 7 3 0 0
06 STO X 7 3 7 0
08 ADD W 10 3 7 0
10 STO Y 10 3 7 10
12 HLT 10 3 7 10
. . . . . .  
128 W  
129 X  
130 Y  

PIPPIN memory after program execution:

        00  01  02  03  04  05  06  07  08  09  0A  0B  0C  0D  0E  0F

    00  14  03  05  80  14  07  05  81  00  80  05  82  0F  00  00  00
    01  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00
    ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..
    07  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00

    08  03  07  0A  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00
    09  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00
    ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..
    0F  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00  00

Note:   2-byte instructions (opcode + operand) mapped at bottom of memory starting at address 00.
Note:   Memory addresses 80 hex through 82 hex (128 - 130 decimal) represented by W, X, and Y

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PIPPIN Simulator

PROGRAM 2:
Count down loop
Address Instruction Accum
Pass 1
Accum
Pass 2
Accum
Pass 3
00LOD X3 21
02SUB #12 10
04JMZ 102 10
06STO X2 1***
08JMP 02 1***
10HLT*** ***0
Initial Memory Values Memory
Pass 1
Memory
Pass 2
Memory
Pass 3
W (128)?????? ??????
X (129)32 11
Y (130)?????? ??????

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PIPPIN Simulator

Revised: 23 JUN 2004 11:09