1	Chapter 1 Introduction
2	Hints on Problem Solving First Make a sketch Mark on it what you want to know Identify what you are trying to determine This will help you organize your thoughts
3	Hints on Problem Solving Second Identify principles involved in the problem Look for relationships that connect unknown and known quantities
4	Hints on Problem Solving Third Decide which equations should be used Substitute known information into selected equations and solve for unknown quantity
5	Hints on Problem Solving Fourth Check answer by substituting it into original equation Ask yourself, “Does the answer seem reasonable?”
6	Hints on Problem Solving Finally Is it in the “right ballpark”? Are units on both sides of the equations correct?
7	SI System of Units Length Meter (m) Mass Kilogram (kg) Time Second (s)
8	SI System of Units Electric Current Ampere (A) Temperature Kelvin (K) Amount of a substance Mole (mol)
9	Relative Size of the Units 1 meter is about 1 yard 1 inch is about 2½ centimeters 1 newton is about the force required to lift a ½-pound weight
10	Relative Size of the Units Raising a ½-pound weight 1 meter in 1 s requires about 1 watt Room temperature is about 35 degrees Celsius or about 300 degrees kelvin
11	Converting Units Convert 60 miles/hour to km/hr Convert 60 miles/hour to m/s A circle has radius of 6 inches Determine the area in square meters
12	Power of Ten Notation For very large and very small numbers 35 000 = 3.5 × 10⁴ or 35 × 10³ 458 000 = 4.58 × 10⁵ or 458 × 10³ 0.000 042 = 4.2 × 10^-5 or 42 × 10^-6 0.000 159 = 1.59 x 10^-4or 159 x 10^-6
13	Powers of Ten To multiply numbers in power of 10 notation Multiply their base numbers Add their exponents (e.g., 10³ x 10⁵ = 10⁸)
14	Powers of Ten To divide numbers in power of 10 notation Divide their base numbers Subtract their exponents (top - bottom) (e.g.,10⁹/10³ = 10⁶)
15	Power of Ten Notation To add or subtract, adjust all numbers to same power of ten It does not matter what exponent you choose, as long as they are all the same
16	Power of Ten Notation For example 3 x 10⁴ + 5 x 10³ = 35 x 10³ (changing both powers of 10 to 3) Or 3 x 10⁴ + 5 x 10³ = 3.5 x 10⁴ (changing both powers of 10 to 4)
17	Power of Ten Notation Raising a number to a power is a form of multiplication (4 × 10³)² = (4 × 10³)(4 × 10³) = 16 × 10⁶ Fractional powers represent roots
18	Prefixes Scientific Notation 24 700 = 2.47 × 10⁴ 0.000 046 = 4.6 × 10^-5
19	Prefixes Engineering Notation Uses only powers that are factors of 3 24 700 = 24.7 × 10³ 0.000 046 = 46 × 10^-6
20	Prefixes Metric Prefixes are used for convenience
21	Significant Digits and Numerical Accuracy Significant digits Digits that carry information It is a common error to show more digits of accuracy than are warranted
22	Significant Digits and Numerical Accuracy Number of significant digits in a result due to multiplication or division is the same as the number of significant digits in the number with the least number of significant digits.
23	Circuit Diagrams Electric circuits Use batteries and resistors as components Circuit diagrams are used on paper Three types are used Pictorial, block, and schematic
24	Pictorial Diagrams Help visualize circuits by showing components as they actually appear
25	Block Diagrams Blocks represent portions of a system
26	Schematic Diagrams
27	Aids to Circuit Analysis Prepackaged Simulation Software PSPICE, Electronics Workbench Math Software MathCAD, MATLAB Programming Languages BASIC, C, C++, FORTRAN, Assembly
28	Aids to Circuit Analysis Graphing Programs PSI Plot Axium Electronic Calculators TI-86 TI-89