1	Chapter 10 Capacitors and Capacitance
2	Capacitance Capacitor Stores charge Two conductive plates separated by insulator Insulating material called dielectric Conductive plates can become charged with opposite charges
3	Definition of Capacitance Amount of charge Q that a capacitor can store depends on applied voltage Relationship between charge and voltage given by Q = CV or C = Q/V (Similar to Ohm’s Law)
4	Definition of Capacitance C is capacitance of the capacitor Unit is the farad (F) Capacitance of a capacitor One farad if it stores one coulomb of charge When the voltage across its terminals is one volt
5	Effect of Area Capacitance is directly proportional to amount of charge Larger plate will be able to hold more charge
6	Effect of Area Capacitance is directly proportional to plate area If plate area is doubled, capacitance is doubled
7	Effect of Spacing As plates are moved closer together Force of attraction between opposite charges is greater Capacitance Inversely proportional to distance between plates
8	Effect of Spacing Double the distance between plates Capacitance becomes half as much
9	Effect of Dielectric If a dielectric other than air is used between the plates More charge can build up on the plates The factor by which the capacitance increases Dielectric constant or the relative permittivity
10	Effect of Dielectric Permittivity How easy it is to establish electric flux in a material Represented by ε (Greek letter epsilon)
11	Capacitance of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor Directly proportional to plate area Inversely proportional to plate separation Dependent on dielectric A farad is a very large unit
12	Electric Flux Electric fields Force fields in region surrounding charged bodies Direction of this field is direction of force on a positive test charge Field lines never cross
13	Electric Flux Density of lines indicate field strength Electric field lines are indicated by y (Greek letter psi)
14	Electric Fields Strength of an electric field is force that field exerts on a small test charge E = F/Q Electric flux density = total flux/area D = y/A
15	Electric Fields Flux is due to the charge Q The number of flux lines coming from a charge is equal to the charge itself y = Q
16	Field of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor To move a charge from the negative plate to the positive plate requires work Work = Force × distance Voltage = Work/charge E = V/d
17	Field of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor Electric field strength between plates Equal to voltage between them Divided by distance between them
18	Voltage Breakdown If voltage is increased enough, dielectric breaks down This is dielectric strength or breakdown voltage
19	Voltage Breakdown Breakdown can occur in any type of apparatus where insulation is stressed Capacitors are rated for maximum operating voltage
20	Nonideal Effects Leakage current Equivalent Series Resistance Dielectric Absorption Temperature Coefficient
21	Fixed Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors Values change little with temperature, voltage, or aging Plastic Film Capacitors Mica Capacitors Low cost, low leakage, good stability
22	Fixed Capacitors Electrolytic Capacitors Large capacitance at low cost Polarized Surface Mount Capacitors
23	Variable Capacitors Used to tune a radio Stationary plates and movable plates Combined and mounted on a shaft A trimmer or padder capacitor is used to make fine adjustments on a circuit
24	Capacitors in Parallel Total charge on capacitors is sum of all charges Q = CV C_TE = C₁V₁ + C₂V₂ + C₃V₃ All voltages are equal
25	Capacitors in Parallel C_T = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ Total capacitance of capacitors in parallel Sum of their capacitances (like resistors in series)
26	Capacitors in Series Same charge appears on all capacitors Total V Sum of individual voltages (like resistors in parallel)
27	Capacitors in Series
28	Capacitor Voltage Voltage across a capacitor does not change instantaneously Voltage begins at zero and gradually climbs to full voltage
29	Capacitor Voltage Full voltage is source voltage May range from nanoseconds to milliseconds Depending on the resistance and capacitance
30	Capacitor Current During charging Electrons move from one plate to another Current lasts only until capacitor is charged
31	Capacitor Current Current Large initial spike to zero No current passes through dielectric
32	Energy Stored in a Capacitor A capacitor does not dissipate power When power is transferred to a capacitor Stored as energy
33	Capacitor Failures and Troubleshooting Reasons for capacitor’s failure Excessive voltage, current, or temperature, or aging Test with an ohmmeter Good capacitor will read low, then gradually increase to infinity
34	Capacitor Failures and Troubleshooting Capacitor short Meter resistance will stay low
35	Capacitor Failures and Troubleshooting If capacitor is leaky Reading will be lower than normal If open Stays at infinity