1	Chapter 12 Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits
2	The Nature of a Magnetic Field Magnetism Force of attraction or repulsion that acts between magnets and other magnetic materials Flux lines Show direction and intensity of this field at all points
3	The Nature of a Magnetic Field Field is strongest at poles Direction is from N to S Unlike poles attract Like poles repel
4	Ferromagnetic Materials Attracted by magnets Provide an easy path for magnetic flux Iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys Nonmagnetic materials such as plastic, wood, and glass Have no effect on the field
5	Electromagnetism Many applications of magnetism involve magnetic effects due to electric currents Direction of magnetic field may be determined by the Right Hand Rule
6	Electromagnetism Place your right hand around conductor with your thumb in the direction of the current Your fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic field This will always be perpendicular to the current
7	Flux and Flux Density Flux, F Total number of lines Flux density, B, Number of lines per unit area Divide total flux passing perpendicularly through an area by the area B = F/A
8	Flux and Flux Density Units for magnetic flux are webers (Wb) Area is measured in square meters Units for flux density Wb/m² or teslas (T) 1 tesla = 10 000 gauss B may also be measured in gauss We will work only with teslas
9	Magnetic Circuits Practical applications Use structures to guide and shape magnetic flux Called magnetic circuits Magnetic circuit guides flux to an air gap This provides field for the voice coil
10	Magnetic Circuits Playback heads on tape recorders VCRs and disk drives pick up the varying magnetic field and convert it to voltage
11	Air Gaps, Fringing, and Laminated Cores Circuits with air gaps may cause fringing Correction Increase each cross-sectional dimension of gap by the size of the gap Many applications use laminated cores Effective area is not as large as actual area
12	Series Elements and Parallel Elements Magnetic circuits may have sections of different materials Cast iron, sheet steel, and an air gap For this circuit, flux is the same in all sections Circuit is a series magnetic circuit
13	Series Elements and Parallel Elements A magnetic circuit may have elements in parallel Sum of fluxes entering a junction is equal to the sum leaving Similar to series/parallel electric circuits
14	Magnetic Circuits with dc Excitation Current through a coil creates magnetic flux Magnetomotive Force (MMF) Á = NI N is the number of turns of the coil Opposition of the circuit Reluctance Â = l /µA
15	Magnetic Circuits with dc Excitation Ohm’s Law for magnetic circuits: f = Á/Â Useful analogy but not a practical solution method
16	Magnetic Field Intensity Magnetic field strength H, is the magnetomotive force (mmf) per unit length H = Á/l = NI/l Units are Ampere•turns/meter N•I = H•l
17	Relationship Between B and H B and H Related by the equation B = µH Where µ (Greek letter mu) is the permeability of the core Permeability Measure for establishing flux in a material
18	Relationship Between B and H The larger the value of µ The larger flux density for a given H H is proportional to I The larger the value of µ, the larger the flux density for a given circuit
19	Ampere’s Circuital Law Algebraic sum of mmfs around a closed loop in a magnetic circuit Zero: SÁ = 0 Similar to KVL Since Á = NI, SNI = SHl NI - H_ironl_iron - H_steell_steel - H_gl_g= 0
20	Series Magnetic Circuits Solve a circuit where F is known First compute B using F/A Determine H for each magnetic section from B-H curves Compute NI using Ampere’s circuital law Use computed NI to determine coil current or turns as required
21	Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits Use sum of fluxes principle and Ampere’s Law Find B and H for each section Then use Ampere’s Law
22	Series Magnetic Circuits Solve directly NI and required to find F, for circuits with one material For two or more substances Cannot calculate either F or H without knowing the other
23	Series Magnetic Circuits Trial and error Taking a guess at the flux to compute NI Compare this against the given NI
24	Forces Due to an Electromagnet Electromagnets Relays, doorbells, lifting magnets, etc. Force computed from flux density, the gap area, and the permeability
25	Properties of Magnetic Materials Atoms produce small, atomic-level magnetic fields For nonmagnetic materials, these fields are randomly arranged
26	Properties of Magnetic Materials For ferromagnetic materials Fields do not cancel, but instead form into domains If the domains in a material line up, the material is magnetized
27	Magnetizing a Specimen Current passed through it causes domains to line up If all fields line up, material is saturated If current is turned off, material will retain some residual magnetism
28	Magnetizing a Specimen Turning off current does not demagnetize the material Some other method must be used Effect is called Hysteresis
29	Measuring Magnetic Fields Hall effect Use when a piece of metal is placed in a magnetic fields Small voltage develops across it Fixed current Hall voltage is proportional to the magnetic field strength B
30	Measuring Magnetic Fields Fixed current Hall voltage is proportional to the magnetic field strength B. Direction of the field may be determined by the right-hand rule